Selected Reading

Abd H, Johansson T, Golovliov I, et al. Survival and growth of Francisella tularensis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003 Jan;69(1):600-6

Avashia SB, Petersen JM, Lindley CM, et al. First reported prairie dog-to-human tularemia transmission, Texas, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Mar;10(3):483-6

Baron SD, Singh R, Metzger DW. Inactivated Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain protects against respiratory tularemia by intranasal vaccination in an immunoglobulin A-dependent fashion. Infect Immun 2007 May;75(5):2152-62

Beckstrom-Sternberg SM, Auerbach RK, Godbole S, et al. Complete genomic characterization of a pathogenic A.II strain of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis. PLoS ONE 2007 Sep 26;2(9):e947

Berrada ZL, Goethert HK, Telford SR III. Raccoons and skunks as sentinels for enzootic tularemia. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Jun;12(6)

Brotcke A, Weiss DS, Kim CK, et al. Identification of MglA-regulated genes reveals novel virulence factors in Francisella tularensis. Infect Immun 2006 Dec;74(12):6642-6655

Byington CL, Bender JM, Ampofo K, et al. Tularemia with vesciular skin lesions may be mistaken for infection with herpes viruses. Clin Infect Dis 2008 Jul 1;47(1):e4-6

Carlson PE Jr, Carroll JA, O'dee DM, et al. Modulation of virulence factors in Francisella tularensis determines human macrophage responses. Microb Pathog 2007 May-Jun;42(5-6):204-14

CDC. Laboratory Information>Biosafety>Vaccines

CDC. Outbreak of tularemia among commercially distributed prairie dogs, 2002. MMWR 2002;51(31):688,699

CDC. Tularemia associated with a hamster bite: Colorado 2004. MMWR 2005 Jan 7;53(51 & 52):1202-3

CDC. Tularemia transmitted by insect bites: Wyoming, 2001-2003. MMWR 2005 Feb 25;54(7):170-3

CDC. Tularemia: United States, 1990-2000. MMWR 2002;51(09):182-4

Cepheid. Cepheid ships field-ready DNA test kits jointly developed with USAMRIID for four bio-threat agents. Jan 7, 2002

Charity JC, Costante-Hamm MM, Balon EL, et al. Twin RNA polymerase-associated proteins control virulence gene expression in Francisella tularensis. PLoS Pathog 2007 Jun;4(6):e84

Chaudhuri RR, Ren CP, Desmond L, et al. Genome sequencing shows that European isolates of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis are almost identical to US laboratory strain Schu S4. PLoS One 2007 Apr;2(4):e352

Clemens DL, Lee BY, Horwitz MA. Francisella tularensis enters macrophages via a novel process involving pseudopod loops. Infect Immun 2005 Sep;73(9):5892-902.

Clemens DL, Lee TY, Horwitz MA. Virulent and avirulent strains of Francisella tularensis prevent acidification and maturation of their phagosomes and escape into the cytoplasm in human macrophages. Infect Immun 2004 Jun;72(6):3204-17

Conlan JW, Chen W, Shen H, et al. Experimental tularemia in mice challenged by aerosol or intradermally with virulent strains of Francisella tularensis: bacteriologic and histopathologic studies. Microb Pathog 2003 May;34(5):239-48

Craven RR, Hall JD, Fuller JR, et al. Francisella tularensis invasion of lung epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2008 Jul;76(7):2833-42

Cunha BA. Anthrax, tularemia, plague, ebola or smallpox as agents of bioterrorism: recognition in the emergency room. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002 Aug 8(8):489-503

Dembek ZF, Buckman RL, Fowler SK, et al. Missed sentinel case of naturally occurring pneumonic tularemia outbreak: lessons for detection of bioterrorism. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003 Jul-Aug;16(4):339-42

Dempsey MP, Dobson M, Zhang C, et al. Genomic deletion marking an emerging subclone of Francisella tularensis subsp holarctica in France and the Iberian peninsula. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007 Nov;73(22):7465-70

Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001;285(21):2763-73

Eliasson H, Lindback J, Nuorti JP. The 2000 tularemia outbreak: a case-control study of risk factors in disease-endemic and emergent areas, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 2002(Sep);8(9)

Ellis J, Oyston PCF, Green M, et al. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002 Oct;15(4):631-46

Emanuel PA, Bell R, Dang JL, et al. Detection of Francisella tularensis within infected mouse tissues by using a hand-held PCR thermocycler. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(2):689-93

Evans ME, Friedlander AM. Tularemia. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Chap 24. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center

Farlow J, Wagner DM, Dukerich M, et al. Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Dec;11(12):1835-41

Feldman KA, Stiles-Enos D, Julian K, et al. Tularemia on Martha's Vineyard: seroprevalence and occupational risk. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Mar;9(3):350-4

Forestal CA, Malik M, Catlett SV, et al. Francisella tularensis has a significant extracellular phase in infected mice. J Infect Dis 2007 Jul 1;196(1):134-7

Gentry M, Taormina J, Pyles RB, et al. Role of primary human alveolar epithelial cells in host defense against Francisella tularensis infection. Infect Immun 2007 Aug;75(8):3969-78

Gil H, Platz GJ, Forestal CA, et al. Deletion of TolC orthologs in Francisella tularensis identifies roles in multidrug resistance and virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006 Aug 22;103(34):12897-902

Goethert HK, Shani I, Telford SR III. Genotypic diversity of Francisella tularensis infecting Dermacentor variabilis ticks on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Nov;42(11):4968-73

Hall JD, Craven RR, Fuller JR, et al. Francisella tularensis replicates within alveolar type II epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo following inhalation. Infect Immun 2007 Feb;75(2):1034-9

Hassoun A, Spera R, Dunkel J. Tularemia and once-daily gentamicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006 Feb;50(2):824.

Hepburn MJ, Purcell BK, Lawler JV, et al. Live vaccine strain Francisella tularensis is detectable at the inoculation site but not in blood after vaccination against tularemia. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Sep 15;43(6):711-6

Hornick R. Tularemia revisited. N Engl J Med 2001;345(22):1637-9

Hotta A, Uda A, Fujita O, et al. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies for detection and identification of Francisella tularensis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007 Jan;14(1):81-4

Huntley JF, Conley PG, Hagman KE, et al. Characterization of Francisella tularensis outer membrane proteins. J Bacteriol 2007 Jan;189(2):561-7

Huntley JF, Conley PG, Rasko DA, et al. Native outer membrance proteins protect mice against pulmonary challenge with virulent type A Francisella tularensis. Infect Immun 2008 Aug;76(8):3664-71

Isherwood KE, Titball RW, Davies DH, et al. Vaccination strategies for Francisella tularensis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005 Jun 17;57(9):1403-14

Kantardjiev T, Ivanov I, Velinov T, et al. Tularemia outbreak, Bulgaria, 1997?2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12(4):678-80

Kantardjiev TV, Padeshki PI, Ivanov IN. Diagnostic approaches for oculoglandular tularemia-advantages of PCR. Br J Ophthalmol 2007 (published online May 2)

Kaufmann AF, Meltzer MI, Schmid GP. The economic impact of a bioterrorist attack: are prevention and postattack intervention programs justifiable? Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3(2):83-94

Kirimanjeswara GS, Golden JM, Bakshi CS, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic use of antibodies for protection against respiratory infection with Francisella tularensis. J Immunol 2007 Jul 1;179(1):532-9

Kugeler KJ, Mead PS, McGowan KL, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel Francisella sp. from human cerebrospinal fluid and blood. J Clin Microbiol 2008 Jul;46(7):2428-31

KuoLee R, Harris G, Conlan JW, et al. Oral immunization of mice with the live vaccine strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis protects mice against respiratory challenge with virulent type A F tularensis. Vaccine 2007;May 10;25(19):3781-91

KuoLee R, Zhao X, Austin J, et al. Mouse model of oral infection with virulent type A Francisella tularensis. Infect Immun 2007 Apr;75(4):1651-60

Larsson P, Svensson K, Karlsson L, et al. Canonical insertion-deletion markers for rapid DNA-based typing of Francisella tularensis. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Nov;13(11):1725-32

Lavine CL, Clinton SR, Angelova-Fischer I, et al. Immunization with heat-killed Francisella tularensis LVS elicits protective antibody-mediated immunity. Eur J Immunol 2007 Nov;37(11):3007-20

Lembo A, Pelletier M, Iyer R, et al. Administration of a synthetic TLR4 agonist protects mice from pneumonic tularemia. J Immunol 2008 Jun 1;180(11):7574-81

Lindemann SR, McLendon MK, Apicella MA, et al. An in vitro model system used to study adherence and invasion of Francisella tularenisis live vaccine strain in nonphagocytic cells. Infect Immun 2007 Jun;75(6):3178-82

Lopes de Carvalho I, Escudero R, Garcia-Amil C, et al. Francisella tularensis, Portugal. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Apr;13(4) (published online Feb 27)

Martin C, Gallardo MT, Mateos L, et al. Outbreak of tularemia in Castilla y Leon, Spain. Eurosurveillance Weekly 2007 Nov 8;12(11):E071108.1

Matz-Rensing K, Floto A, Schrod A, et al. Epizootic of tularemia in an outdoor housed group of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Vet Pathol 2007 May;44(3):327-34

McCaffrey RL, Allen L-AH. Francisella tularensis LVS evades killing by human neutrophils via inhibition of the respiratory burst and phagosome escape. J Leukoc Biol 2006 Dec;80(6):1224-30

McMurry JA, Gregory SH, Moise L, et al. Diversity of Francisella tularensis Schu4 antigens recognized by T lymphocytes after natural infections in humans: identification of candidate epitopes for inclusion in a rationally designed tularemia vaccine. Vaccine 2007 Apr;25(16):3179-91

Meric M, Willke A, Finke EJ, et al. Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic features of 145 tularemia cases: the role of quinolones in oropharyngeal tularemia. APMIS 2008 Jan;116(1):66-73

Mohapatra NP, Balagopal A, Soni S, et al. AcpA is a Francisella acid phosphatase that affects intramacrophage survival and virulence. Infect Immun 2007 Jan;75(1):390-6

Mohapatra NP, Soni S, Bell BL, et al. Identification of an orphan response regulator required for the virulence of Francisella spp and transcription of pathogenicity island genes. Infect Immun 2007 Jul;75(7):3305-14

Molins-Schneekloth CR, Belisle JT, Petersen JM. Genomic markers for differentiation of Francisella tularensis subsp tularensis A.I and A.II strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008 Jan;74(1):336-41

Murphy T, Rolfs A, Hu Y, et al. A full-genomic sequence-verified protein-coding gene collection for Francisella tularensis. PLoS One 2007 Jun;2(6):e577

Niska RW, Burt CW. Training for terrorism-related conditions in hospitals: United States, 2003-04. Adv Data 2006 Dec 11;(380):1-9

O'Brien KK, Higdon NL, Halverson JJ. Recognition and management of bioterrorism infections. Am Fam Physician 2003 May 1;67(9):1927-34

Oyston PCF. Francisella tularensis: unravelling the secrets of an intracellular pathogen. J Med Microbiol 2008 Aug;57(8):921-30

Pammit MA, Raulie EK, Lauriano CM, et al. Intranasal vaccination with a defined attenuated Francisella novicida strain induces gamma interferon-dependent antibody-mediated protection against tularemia. Infect Immun 2006 Apr;74(4):2063-71

Payne L, Arneborn M, Tegnell A, et al. Endemic tularemia, Sweden, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Sep;11(9)

Payne L. Endemic tularemia, Sweden, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Sep;11(9):1440-2

Pechous RD, McCarthy TR, Mohapatra NP, et al. A Francisella tularensis Schu S4 purine auxotroph is highly attenuated in mice but offers limited protection against homologous intranasal challenge. PLoS ONE 2008 Jun 25;3(6):e2487

Peruski AH, Johnson LH, Peruski LF. Rapid and sensitive detection of biological warfare agents using time-resolved fluorescence assays. J Immunol Methods 2002 May 1;263(1-2):35-41

Petersen JM, Schriefer ME, Carter LG, et al. Laboratory analysis of tularemia in wild-trapped, commercially traded prairie dogs, Texas, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Mar;10(3):419-25

Peterson JM, Schriefer ME, Gage KL, et al. Methods for enhanced culture recovery of Francisella tularensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004 Jun;70(6):3733-5

Phillips NJ, Schilling B, McLendon MK, et al. Novel modification of lipid A of Francisella tularensis. Infect Immun 2004 Sep;72(9):5340-8

Prior RG, Klasson L, Larsson P, et al. Preliminary analysis and annotation of the partial genome sequence of Francisella tularensis strain Schu 4. J Appl Microbiol 2001 Oct;91(4):614-20

Quarry JE, Isherwood KE, Michell SL, et al. A Francisella tularensis subspecies novicida purF mutant, but not a purA mutant induces protective immunity to tularemia in mice. Vaccine 2007 Mar 1;25(11):2011-8

Raynaud C, Meibom KL, Lety MA, et al. Role of the wbt locus of Francisella tularensis in lipopolysaccharide O-antigen biogenesis and pathogenicity. Infect Immun 2007 Jan;75(1):536-41

Rohmer L, Brittnacher M, Svensson K, et al. Potential source of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain attenuation determined by genome comparison. Infect Immun 2006 Dec;74(12):6895-906

Sebastian S, Dillon ST, Lynch JG, et al. A defined O-antigen polysaccharide mutant of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain has attenuated virulence while retaining its protective capacity. Infect Immun 2007 May;75(5):2591-602

Sewell DL. Laboratory safety practices associated with potential agents of biocrime or bioterrorism. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jul;41(7):2801-9

Shapiro DS, Schwartz DR. Exposure of laboratory workers to Francisella tularensis despite a bioterrorism procedure. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Jun;40(6):2278-81

Siret V, Barataud D, Prat M, et al. An outbreak of airborne tularaemia in France, August 2004. 2006 Feb;11(2)

Sjostedt A. Virulence determinants and protective antigens of Francisella tularensis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2003 Feb;6(1):66-7

Staples JE, Kubotga KA, Chalcraft LG, et al. Epidemiologic and molecular analysis of human tularemia, United States, 1964-2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Jul;12(7):1113-8

Stupak HD, Scheuller MC, Schindler DN, et al. Tularemia of the head and neck: a possible sign of bioterrorism. Ear Nose Throat J 2003 Apr;82(4):263-5

Su J, Yang J, Zhao D, et al. Genome-wide identification of Francisella tularensis virulence determinants. Infect Immun 2007 Jun;75(6):3089-101

Thomas R, Johansson A, Neeson B, et al. Discrimination of human pathogenic subspecies of Francisella tularensis by using restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jan;41(1):50-7

Titball RW, Johansson A, Forsman M. Will the enigma of Francisella tularensis virulence soon be solved? Trends Microbiol 2003 Mar;11(3):118-23

Tomaso H, Scholz HC, Neubauer, et al. Real-time PCR using hybridization probes for the rapid and specific identification of Francsisella tularensis subspecies tularensis. Mol Cell Probes 2007 Feb;21(1):12-16

Twine S, Bystrom M, Chen W, et al. A mutant of Francisella tularensis strain SCHU S4 lacking the ability to express a 58-kilodalton protein is attenuated for virulence and is an effective live vaccine. Infect Immun 2005 Dec;73(12):8345-52

Urich SK, Petersen JM. In vitro susceptibility of isolates of Francisella tularensis types A and B from North America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008 Jun;52(6):2276-8

Weiss DS, Brotcke A, Henry T, et al. In vivo negative selection screen identifies genes required for Francisella virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007 (published online Mar 26)

Wickstrum Jr, Hong KJ, Bokhari S, et al. Coactivating signals for the hepatic lymphocyte gamma interferon response to Francisella tularensis. Infect Immun 2007 Mar;75(3):1335-42

Wik O. Large tularaemia outbreak in Varmland, central Sweden, 2006. Eurosurveillance Weekly 2006;11(9):E060921.1

Wu TH, Hutt JA, Garrison KA, et al. Intranasal vaccination induces protective immunity against intranasal infection with virulent Francisella tularensis biovar A. Infect Immun 2005 May 1;73(5):2644-54

Zhang F, Liu W, Chu MC, et al. Francisella tularensis in rodents, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Jun;12(6)